Digital mapping is a suitable alternative method to the traditional methods. In this method, soil salinity correlated to the environmental variables and then soil salinity predicts in the other locations. At present research, based on the hypercube method, the locations of 73 soil samples selected and then sampled. Electrical conductivity was measured in the saturation paste of soil samples. Then using artificial neural network (ANN) the relationship between ground point data and environmental variables (terrain attributes and Landsat 8 image data) was calculated and applied to the other parts of area. Sensitivity analysis indicated some environmental variables had more influence on prediction ANN model including normalized difference vegetation index (39.51%), soil-adjusted vegetation index (27.60%) and slope (5.80%), respectively. Moreover, the cross-validation implied high performance of ANN model to predict soil salinity (R2=0.57 and RMSE=17.40 dS/m). Our results, overall, showed that remote sensing data and digital elevation model and ANN had acceptable performance to predict soil salinity and hence it is recommended the same methodology in the future.

Knowledge of SPATIAL distribution pattern provides useful information about the main behavior of a species. From research point of view, dispersion pattern data could be useful for determining SAMPLING pattern, optimal sample size and organizing sequential SAMPLING plan. SAMPLING of pest and natural enemies populations is a key component in each integrated pest management program. From April to June 2010, cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) and its parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae Mc’ Intosh populations were sampled in two canola fields irrigated with two different methods (flooding and sprinkler irrigations) weekly. Taylor’s power law and Iwao’s patchiness regression methods were applied for determining SPATIAL distribution pattern. Using Taylor’s power law the b coefficient for cabbage aphid population in sprinkler and flood-irrigated canola were 1.77±0.211 and 1.759±0.122 and for D. rapae were 1.493±0.0667 and 1.527±0.125 respectively. These parameters showed the clumped dispersion pattern for both species at both irrigation systems. Scince Taylor’s power law described variance - mean relationship better, estimated α and β were used for developing a fixedprecision SAMPLING plan for cabbage aphid. The obtained results could be useful for management of B. brassicae in canola fields.

The seasonal abundance patterns of the wheat spike aphids were studied by weekly SAMPLING of five winter wheat fields in Gorgan region in northern Iran during two growing seasons, 2006 and 2007. SPATIAL distribution of different developmental stages and morphs of the aphids were described by fitting data to Poisson (random) and negative binomial (clumped) distributions, as well as by calculating dispersion indices. A sequential SAMPLING plan was also developed using the fixed-precision method of Green for estimating the density of adults, nymphs and total population. Sitobion avenae (F.) and Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) were two main species infesting wheat spikes in this region. The first aphid colonies appeared on spikes during early April and peaked (16.01±2.86 aphid per spike) during early May. Based on R2 and F of regression analysis, Taylor’s power law provided a more adequate description of variance/mean relationships than did Iwao’s patchiness regression model, and the b values ranged from 1.034 (alate adults) to 1.545 (apterus adults). Aphid population, especially nymphs and apterous females, was aggregated during most of the growing season and negative binomial models fitted data sets better than the Poisson series. However, alate morphs showed a noticeable tendency to the random distribution and 63.7 percent of their data sets fitted the Poisson distribution. Regarding SAMPLING cost or required sample size, the developed fixed-precision sequential SAMPLING plans showed an acceptable performance for estimating aphid density at the precision level of 0.25. Optimum sample size was flexible and depended upon the aphid density and desired level of precision, and ranged from 25 spikes in density of 16.01 aphids/spike to 268 spikes in 0.168 aphids/spike at the precision level of 0.25. The information presented in this study may be used in population management of aphids in wheat fields.

In order to investigate density fluctuation and SPATIAL distribution of the main aphidophagous predators and develop a fixed-precision sequential SAMPLING plan, a weekly sweepnet SAMPLING was conducted at five winter wheat fields in Gorgan region in northern Iran, during two growing seasons of 2006 and 2007. SPATIAL distribution of the predators was described by fitting data to Poisson (random) distribution, as well as by calculating three dispersion indices. A sequential SAMPLING plan was also developed using the fixed-precision method of Green for estimating the mean density of predators' population. Four species of Coccinella septempunctata L., Propylea quatuordecimpunctata L., Eupeodes corollae (Fabricius) and Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer) comprised 18.75, 14.25, 41.54 and 6.02 percent of the predators' community, respectively. For all predators, with the exception of E. corollae, the parameters b of Taylor’s power law did not differ significantly from one, indicating that populations of them exhibited random SPATIAL distribution. Fitting population’s frequency data to distribution models also showed that Poisson (random) distribution provided a good fit to the population frequencies during most of the wheat growing season. Sequential SAMPLING results showed that the number of sample units required to stop SAMPLING was depended upon mean population abundance and desired level of precision. So that, for C. septempunctata, at density of 0.033-0.6 adult/10 sweepnet and precision level of 0.25, the required sample size ranged from 400 to 41 sweepnets. At the same time, for P. quatuordecimpunctata, at density of 0.02-1.8 adult/10 sweepnets, the required sample size ranged from 775 to 10 sweepnets. For E. corollae and E. balteatus, required sample size ranged from 4 to 400 and 57 to 175 sweepnets, respectively. Regarding number of sample units, at high density of predators, sweepnet SAMPLING was a cost-effective method to estimate predators' population density, whereas at low population levels, sweepnet SAMPLING was a time-consuming method and a quite large sample was required to achieve the desired precision of 0.25. Therefore, we recommend the comparison of precision and efficiency of sweepnet with other SAMPLING procedures to determine the best SAMPLING method for estimating population density of predators in wheat fields.

A B S T R A C TThe right to the city in urban development goes beyond the physical form and, at the same time, has a mental and social meaning, which has been popularized in planning theory and urban studies after its proposal by Lefebvre. This theory focuses on the residents and the distinctive features of the space and believes that the right to the city can only be formulated as the right to the evolved and renewed urban life. Based on descriptive-explanatory purpose, this research seeks to SPATIALly analyze the components of right to the city in Bandar Abbas. Therefore, after collecting 77 subjective and objective measures around the research components, the multi-criteria decision-making technique of COPRAS has been exploited to integrate the data in the ArcMap Tools. The findings show that in the current state of urban development in Bandar Abbas, the right to the city in all its aspects, the right to ownership, the right to participation and the right to difference for the residents have been weakened and ignored. A share of up to 20.7% of the city space, which is mainly directed to the wealthy neighborhoods and parts of the central areas of the city, as well as parts of new developments, the right to the city has been more manifested, and in about 19.8% of the city spaces. Mainly applicable to informal settlements and slums of the city, this right has been undermined and ignoredExtended AbstractIntroductionThe right to the city as a physical, mental and social concept seeks a fundamental change in dealing with urban planning and development issues, which has been popularized in planning theory and urban studies after its proposal by Lefebvre. This theory focuses on the residents and the distinctive features of the space and believes that the right to the city can only be formulated as the right to the evolved and renewed urban life. In other words, this theory is a call for the priority of the consumption value of the city against its exchange value, which can only be pursued through the analysis of urban issues in the framework of the "city space" metaphor in the right to the city. It is a fundamental change in the city to create opportunities and space for citizens to meet and achieve their needs. MethodologyFrom a descriptive-explanatory purpose, this research seeks to SPATIALly analyze the explanatory components of urban development in Bandar Abbas from the perspective of the right to the city. In this research, by collecting 77 subjective and objective measures, the COPRAS multi-criteria decision-making technique has been used to integrate data in the ArcMap environment. Citizens are the source of mental data, official documents and maps are the objective data, and experts are the relative weight of the criteria. It should be mentioned that to guarantee the validity of the content based on the guidance of supervisors and advisors, the collective opinion of university experts and the use of similar studies were exerted. The reliability of the questionnaire was also tested by Cronbach's alpha method, and the value of the alpha coefficient (0.866) indicates the high reliability of the questionnaire. Results and discussionThe findings show that in the current state of urban development in Bandar Abbas, the right to the city in all its aspects, including the right to possession, the right to participation, and the right to difference for the residents, has been weakened and ignored. A review of the findings shows that the social function of the city's real estate and land, with a coefficient of 0.136, followed by environmental justice, with a coefficient of 0.131, has the greatest impact on the urban development of Bandar Abbas. On the other hand, socio-SPATIAL justice in the process of taking over space, with a coefficient of 0.106, shows the lowest level of influence in the development of Bandar Abbas compared to other components of the right to the city. The results show that about 20% of the area of Bandar Abbas city is in a very unfavorable situation compared to the components of urban development based on the right to the city approach. These areas of the city are spaces where the residents' right to the city has been severely denied, and they are deprived of taking over the city space.In this regard, the results show that 20.7% of the city's space, mainly focused on wealthy neighborhoods, parts of the city's central areas, and parts of Mehr's housing, has the right to a greater manifestation of the city. The city's space is more in line with its residents. As shown in the SPATIAL distribution of the urban development components of Bandar Abbas based on the right to the city approach, the possession of space through the right to presence, the accessibility of residents to the opportunities and resources of the city, as well as the fair distribution of facilities and services play a decisive role in urban development. However, as the results show, it is the difference that gives meaning to the urban space, and therefore the space must provide the conditions for the city to play a role in meeting the needs of all city groups. The requirement of this role is the central position of the residents in making decisions about the city space, which is a unique way to realize the right to the city. ConclusionAs Brenner states, the right to the city is a call to create "cities for people, not for profit." In this definition, urban development is more than a physical thing and has a mental and social dimension at the same time. In terms of the right to the city, the right to possession, the right to participation, and the right to difference form the trinity of urban development and the guiding light of these three principles that determine the quality of a different city. Unfortunately, urban development in Bandar Abbas has weakened and denied residents' rights. The zoning resulting from the SPATIAL analysis shows that about 19.8% of the city's spaces, which mainly correspond to informal settlements and poor neighborhoods, this right has been weakened and ignored. From the theoretical aspect of the right to the city, this event originates from the space as an economic and physical thing exchanged in the market, not a consumption thing formed by the citizens and in social interaction with the space. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.